找回丢失30年的睡眠

编导 宋铮 摄像 田新华

【主持人】欢迎继续收看《中华医药》"健康身心，关爱女性"系列节目。前面的这位叫璐璐的女孩非常幸运，终于治好了折磨她的失眠，但是还有更多的人在失眠中煎熬，前不久在我们在网上作过一个有关睡眠问题的调查，其中有几个数字让我们非常惊讶，第一个就是每3个人当中就有2个人都长期地面临着失眠多梦、早醒等睡眠问题，另外一个就是每5个人中就有3个人每周会有两次或者两次以上的失眠，长期失眠又会带来什么样的后果呢？烦躁、焦虑、精神不济等等，也许，还有您根本就没想到的，我们一起来看一看

【解说】2006年冬天，一个阴冷的日子，中日友好医院中医老年科的李海聪医生遇到了一位非常奇特的病人。

李海聪医生直到现在还清晰的记得那天的情景，因为医生特有的敏感似乎让他嗅到了来自这个病人身上的危险，果然随后的一句话就让他更吃了一惊。

【中日友好医院主任医师 李海聪】她主动地说出来对生活不感兴趣，觉得活着没意思，想自杀。

【解说】李海聪不敢掉以轻心，他慢慢地安抚这位愁容满面的女士，那么，到底是什么让她想要自杀呢？李医生没想到，他的询问让这位奇特的病人讲出了一段非同寻常的经历。

1963年秋天，25岁的李女士刚从上海戏剧学院毕业，对表演一直充满兴趣的她以为终于可以实现自己当演员的梦想了，然而等待她的却不是光彩夺目的舞台。

【李女士】分配得不好，下放到工厂。

【解说】离开心爱的舞台让李女士的精神一瞬间被击垮了，也正是这个时候，一个后来跟随了她几十年的病症向她伸出了魔爪。

【李女士】晚上睡不着啊，起来走，听音乐，听广播，越听越睡不着觉。

【解说】原来，三十多年前的打击，让李女士的睡眠出现了问题，那时她最怕的就是夜晚的来临。

【李女士】就最怕到了晚上，到了晚上我就怕睡觉。你也不能看一个晚上电视，也觉得不好。真是恼火得很，怎么能好得了。

【解说】不知所措的李女士不得不买来了大量的安眠药，并且慢慢对安定有了依赖。刚开始，药物的作用的确让她的失眠症状有所缓解，但渐渐地，她发现安定的作用也越来越小了，很快就又开始了噩梦一般的夜晚。

【李女士】最多能眯一二十分钟，醒过来就一夜睡不着，整夜整夜到天亮都睡不着，睡不着就翻过来翻过去，翻过来翻过去，简直是烦躁得不得了。

【解说】李医生感觉到也许是失眠让李女士有了情绪的失常，但是治疗过众多失眠患者的李海聪觉得，一般的失眠虽然痛苦，也不足以让一个人执意想要自杀，在这位患者身上，一定还有其它的经历。

【主持人】科学家们对人体进行测试之后得出一个结论，说如果一个人在3天到4天中完全不能入睡，就会出现幻觉甚至精神失常，然而当初一直在服用安定的李女士多少还可以有一些睡眠，所以应该还没有到达那么严重的状态，那么，是否还有其它的原因让李女士决心结束自己的生命呢？在李海聪医生继续引导和鼓励之下，此时的李女士也慢慢放松下来，完全投入了痛苦的回忆中。

【李女士】一沾枕头，马上就睡不着觉，睡不着觉吧她想那些问题，她不是想特别高兴的，那些阳光的地方，就尽想那些不高兴的。

【解说】正在李女士对生活失去信心的时候，她的事业突然有了新的转机。1980年春天，她终于找到了跟她的戏剧表演比较接近的工作，做起了电视剧导演。

【李女士】什么《窗棂》啊还得了飞天奖，我也很高兴，那段时间是我最闪光的时候。

【解说】李女士本以为好心情会让失眠有所好转，然而，随后的大量电视片制作工作让她的压力越来越大，本指望会慢慢好起来的失眠越来越重，而安眠药的副作用，也开始一点点侵袭她的身体。

【李女士】便秘，我的便秘，到了非常严重的地步，它的药物副作用非常大的，吃饭也吃不下，人也发黄。

【李女士老伴儿】她那时候情绪变化，特别不正常，我都害怕出事。

【解说】那时候，老伴儿发现李女士经常神情恍惚，他一边密切关注李女士的变化，一边努力寻找各种办法。

【李女士老伴儿】我学习学习足底按摩，给她按按足底按摩，

【李女士】什么都做过，按摩、足底按摩，什么全身按摩，什么地方有，报纸上看就吃什么。都不见效。

【解说】后来，李女士从朋友那里听说了一个能治疗失眠的偏方。

【李女士】睡前喝葡萄酒，睡前喝白酒，我泡了药酒，枸杞子，菊花泡了好多好多，一大瓶，晚上睡觉就喝。

【解说】然而，家里的几瓶酒喝下去了，李女士的噩梦却并没有结束。于是，无可奈何的李女士只好又开始寄托于作用力更强的安眠药物。

【李女士】我记不清了什么药，它那个蓝片的药，叫我只能吃……反正很厉害的，吃下去整个就是，脑子就昏的了。

【主持人】李女士所说的那个蓝色的药片，您看就是我手里拿的这个。其实它是一种非常强效的安眠药，如今在各大医院里，没有医生的特殊处方是开不出来的，如果普通失眠，我们吃一片这样的药就会造成头晕眼花、心悸呕吐，甚至昏厥，而当时李女士吃了这样的药虽然有一阵头晕，但是那个晚上却依然没有睡着，可想而知，李女士的状况已经到了多么严重的地步。在我们的网上调查中就显示，有80%的失眠患者都在饱受安眠药物副作用的煎熬。不吃药睡不着，吃了药就更难受，那到底该怎么办呢？

【解说】李医生已经判断出，李女士不仅有长期的顽固性失眠而且还有严重精神抑郁，其中有一个非常重要的原因就是那些安眠药，那些她每天都要吃进去的药，一步步给她脆弱的神经带来了更大的损害。

【中日友好医院主任医师 李海聪】最常见的副作用就是叫做宿醉现象。

【李女士】头痛啊，不得了。

【中日友好医院主任医师 李海聪】还有一些口干，大便干结，最重要的一个，反跳性的失眠。一停药，马上失眠就加重。

【解说】而李医生还发现，李女士已经出现了比较严重的高血压，同时内脏功能也极其紊乱，这些都是由于长期大量的安眠药所引起的器官损伤。一次次的治疗失败以及身体出现的各种药物反应让李女士彻底抵挡不住了。

【李女士】一个人天天活得昏昏沉沉的，头疼，很难承受，忍受不了。就觉得，还不如死了，没意思。

【解说】所以，几乎崩溃的李女士为了让自己彻底结束所有的痛苦，有了自杀的念头。李海聪医生听完了她的讲述，决定尽力帮助这位被失眠折磨了30年的患者。

【李女士】他说没关系，我能给你治好，他说的。

【解说】当时李女士并不是特别相信，几十年来她已经尝试过了所有能做的事情和能吃的药物，但是李海聪医生的态度让她实在无法拒绝，于是她只好取了药，然而汤药吃下去之后，意想不到的事情发生了。

【李女士】吃下去很怪的，脑子就空白的了，我也不想，比较不安的事，也不想，去找他，李大夫你的药吃完了以后我感觉就什么都不想了，就不想不高兴的事，你给我下的什么药啊？

【中日友好医院主任医师 李海聪】这个方子并不神秘，核心汤药主要是血府逐瘀汤。

【解说】李海聪医生开出的是一个并不复杂的药方，就是在血府逐瘀汤基础上加减药物组成的方剂，包括酸枣仁、当归、香附、川芎、熟地、珍珠母等六位主要药材。

按着这个药方李女士一连吃了三十多服，一个月过后，她竟然彻底告别了三十多年的失眠，安安稳稳地睡到了天亮。

【主持人】三十多年的失眠，一个中药方剂就解决了问题。这不是神奇而是选对了方法用对了药，而我们的网上调查显示，只有20%的人会专门为自己的失眠问题去医院治疗，所以如果您也出现了睡眠方面的问题，不要随意服用安眠药物，还是需要及时地去医院求医，那么您也可以给李海聪医生打电话进行咨询。李海聪医生是中日友好医院中医老年科的主任医师，他的联系电话是：0086—10—84205106。

巴菲特取代比尔．盖茨，意味着什么？

八阕 http://www.popyard.org 美国《福布斯》杂志6日发布最新的全球富豪榜，“股神”沃伦．巴菲特超过微软公司董事会主席比尔．盖茨，成为全球首富。盖茨则滑落至第三位。

巴 菲特取代盖茨，意味着什么？笔者以为，它实际反映了美国的一个经济秘密：如果说10年前，美国新经济的兴起，意味着科技取代了金融实力，成为美国领导世界 经济的龙头产业；现在的巴菲特取代盖茨则说明，在多年来科技没有新的产业突破的无奈下，金融业又取代了科技，成为美国从全世界吸纳财富的最主要手段。

众所周知，金融和科技是美国的两大经济支柱产业，如果以金融和科技两大实力来划分世界，美国是一流国家，西方主要工业国家包括日本是二流国家，新兴市场国家如金砖四国、钻石5国是三流国家。

从 资本的流动考察世界经济发展，可以将全球资本流动粗略地划分为三个阶段，第一阶段是工业化前资本基本只集中在生产领域。第二个阶段是工业化开始到二次世界 大战后美国经济霸权形成，资本从生产领域向金融领域包括证券市场大规模转移。在此阶段，证券市场和传统金融信贷在各国经济中发挥的主要功能，都是优化资源 配置的效率、提高生产效率和服务于产业升级。

第 三个阶段从二十世纪70年代开始至今，这个阶段的金融衍生品，包括金融期货和商品期货得到了快速发展，资本从传统金融信贷向金融衍生产品大规模转移，发达 国家金融产业的资源配置功能已经大大弱化，而成为在全球攫取高额利润的手段，而美国在这方面，凭借美元的实际世界储备货币地位，成为发达国家中的发达国 家。

多 年来，美国维护世界霸主地位的主要经济途径，是主导和推进经济全球化进程。20世纪80年代美国开始积极倡导经济全球化，在全世界逼迫各国拆贸易壁垒，要 求各国建立自由市场的经济模式，加快全球化分工体系的形成，大幅度发行增量美元、强行渗透到世界各地的经济结算领域，同时加强技术的控制和分配，实现资 源、劳动力、产业配置全球化。

但 连美国也没有预料到的是，全球贸易急剧失衡，加上多年的“反恐战争”，自身出现了大量的逆差，这导致美国出现了流动性不足的问题，目前次贷危机就是流动性 不足的集中爆发。这导致了美国国内出现了反经济全球化、要求贸易保护主义的呼声，但美国社会的主流还是顽强地继续推进经济全球化，这是因为，美国认为，其 在包括商品期货在内的各种金融产业上，可以持续大有作为。

在 信息技术产业的辉煌顶点过去之后，美国在国际金融领域就早早开始了布局，包括巴菲特、罗杰斯等华尔街金融大亨，几年前就预测到新兴市场的商品需求，于是通 过控制现货市场商品和推高期货市场的价格，为美国赚回美元，使自己的美元流动性充裕。石油、有色金属、贵金属等均属于此列，2001年以后，美国率先操控 石油期货价格，进而陆续启动包括能源、金属、到现在的农产品等商品期货大牛市。

于 是，我们也就看到了今天的巴菲特取代盖茨，成为了新的世界首富。所谓“大富大贵者，皆乘天下之大势”，和当初盖茨高居世界首富，是乘美国以IT科技浪潮领 导世界经济的运数一样，巴菲特取代盖茨，不是个人命运浮沉，财富增减那么简单，其背后深刻隐藏的是世界经济的大政治。

Testing and Qualifying a Bluetooth Design

Adding Bluetooth functionality to an existing design can be challenging, and knowing how to avoid design pitfalls can help engineers prevent time to market delays.

Bluetooth is widely acknowledged as finally coming into its own. As consumers begin to understand the functionality of Bluetooth, they are enjoying the advantages of this short-range wireless technology that is exceptionally well-suited for cable replacement across a range of applications. The Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG) has expanded to include more 3000+ members across a wide range of industries, including communications, medical, and personal computing.

For product managers and design engineers, the question has changed from "when will we implement Bluetooth?" to "how will we implement Bluetooth in our designs?" What are the pitfalls? What is the most efficient, cost-effective way forward? For designers with limited wireless experience, the road ahead could look very intimidating.

What is Key to Know?
Bluetooth is a short-range wireless networking technology that operates in one of three power classes: Class 1 (+20-dBm maximum power, with a range limit of approximately 100 m), Class 2 (+4-dBm maximum power, with a range limit of approximately 20 m), and Class 3 (0-dBm maximum power, with a range limit of approximately 10 m).¹

Last November, the Bluetooth SIG adopted Bluetooth Version 1.2. What does that mean to the designer? It means that components meeting this specification offer better interference protection and improved coexistence with other 2.4-GHz products (such as WLANs, some cordless telephones, and microwave ovens) as well as improved voice connections as compared to previous versions. These advances are due in large part to the addition of adaptive frequency hopping (AFH) technology, enhanced voice processing, and faster connection set ups. Of course, Bluetooth 1.2 products are backward compatible with Version 1.1 products.

Once designers have chosen to integrate Bluetooth technology into their products, there are many issues that should be considered beyond simple performance figures in a vendor's datasheet. For instance, what are the usage scenarios for the product? Is the product embedded or an external add-on? What operating systems need to be supported? What profiles/services are required to satisfy the requirements of the product applications? Does the product packaging design allow for an embedded or external antenna? What is the product lifecycle and how many variants are planned?

How Can I Be Most Efficient?
The original Bluetooth design was a number of discrete ICs with supporting circuitry. It eventually evolved into a module (Figure 1).

Figure 1: Diagram showing a typical Bluetooth module.

Since then, the level of integration has increased and the number of external parts has decreased as the technology progressed. As a result, the latest module solutions offer designers the means to implement Bluetooth technology with significantly reduced design risk, making the reality of a drop in "complete Bluetooth solution" even closer (Figure 2).

Figure 2: Bluetooth module with integrated antenna and connectors.

A major consideration when adding Bluetooth functionality to a design is to find out if the module or chipset meets the current Bluetooth standard, version 1.2, and/or if it is upgradeable. A good way to avoid delayed design cycles is to select a product that does not require additional Bluetooth certification or FCC/CE regulatory certification.

Designers should also consider choosing a Bluetooth solution that has leading edge performance and on-board memory. This will make the product more likely to last through a few generations of designs. Selecting a module with moderate performance characteristics might cut costs initially, but will likely require a complete redesign in the next generation.

In addition to the expected RF and baseband functionality, some of the latest Bluetooth modules offer additional functions, including a dedicated microcontroller, antenna, and connector integration, as well as on-board flash memory, voltage regulators, filters, and crystals. These features offer simplified designs, lower development costs, and improved time to market.

If they are not using one of these highly integrated modules, designers must pay very careful attention to the layout of the Bluetooth printed circuit board (PCB). Component placement, tracking, decoupling, grounding, shielding, and board material are all factors that impact performance, and they are crucial in ensuring good RF performance. When using a pre-designed, pre-certified module, designers avoid these issues as well as the need to worry about these factors in their final design.

Product Development Issues
Once a designer understands the basic application needs of the product, it is important to keep a watchful eye on power dissipation (battery life), physical limitations of the Bluetooth circuitry in the existing product design (how much real estate is available), and the transmission rate limitations/needs. For instance, most Bluetooth Internet connections are limited to 732.2 kbit/s, which can have an impact on audio quality.

Here are five considerations that are critical to the development process:

1. Module vs. Chipset
The main advantage of taking chips and designing them directly on the PCB is saving on footprint. But the advantage pretty much ends there. Single chip/chipset approaches require RF design resources to provide filters, amplifiers, matching networks, oscillators, clocks, and antenna for both the transmit and receive paths. It also requires extensive test equipment suites to verify and synthesize the design. And, in addition to significant design time, RF expertise, and verification, the design will also have to be certified for use in Bluetooth products.

2. Antennas
Most Bluetooth handheld devices require antennas that radiate in a spherical pattern so they can connect in any direction. Good antenna design for Bluetooth products is important, and designers selecting an external antenna need to consider space, cost, and antenna patterns. The surrounding components, casing, and proximity to the ground planes also all play a role in the ultimate performance of an antenna on a product.

If selecting a module without an antenna, the designer must understand the environment where the product will be used. Severe signal strength losses can occur if the feed between the radio and the antenna is not well matched, and the signal is reflected back into the circuit.

Recently, modules became available with integrated antennas. If a designer selects a module with an on-board antenna, then the significant antenna matching work has already been done. If a module without an antenna is selected, this matching needs to be done by the designer and then the solution needs to be re-certified by the Bluetooth Qualification Review Board (BQRB).

3. Antenna Matching
Most Bluetooth radio chipsets (and modules) have an on-chip transmit/receive switch in the front-end architecture to allow both the transmission and receive paths to use the same differential port. Typically, the output transceiver architecture is a single combined transmit/receive chain.

When designing the Bluetooth module, a matching network formed by L1 and C1 is used to transform between the impedances of the Tx differential port and that of the balun (Figure 3). The balun converts the differential signal into one single-ended signal that is fed to a band pass filter, then to the antenna port. Filtering formed with the L2/C2 network prevents RF energy from contaminating the circuit. The band pass filter in the signal path provides additional filtering for the Tx signal and suppresses interference in the Rx path.

Figure 3: Bluetooth radio chips between RF chip and antenna.

A shield helps reduce internal and external interference from radiating into the module and other RF sensitive components. RF coupling also needs to be considered, and components should be carefully oriented on the PCB.

As an example, the RF performance of a Bluetooth device with an antenna was measured. Two cases are considered for comparison. In Case 1, a 0-ohm matching network is used to measure the initial antenna state (Figure 4) and in Case 2, an optimum matching network was implemented to enhance antenna performance (Figure 5).

Figure 4: Antenna matching circuit that uses a 0-ohm resistor.

Figure 5: Diagram showing optimum antenna matching with 4.7-nH series inductance.

In the cases above, measurements performed included 3D radiation pattern, return loss, and antenna efficiency. For this analysis, the return loss and antenna efficiency will be considered. In these examples, initial antenna measurements showed that the antenna is detuned from the central frequency of 2.45 GHz, so a matching component was required. The results showed that 44-percent total antenna efficiency (at the peak of 2.45 GHz) was achieved when using the optimum matching network (Table 1). Return loss in Case 1 ranged from -2.9 to -5.0 dB and improved to -6.5 to -12.4 dB with matching circuitry (Figure 6).

Figure 6: Return loss plot (Case 1) for a 0-ohm matching network (top) and return loss (Case 2) plot for an optimum matching network (bottom).

As this analysis shows, although the antenna is only one component, designing it in a circuit requires other circuits to optimize performance, with special considerations given to filtering requirements, matching, and layout.

4. Connectors
Many Bluetooth modules do not have connectors, but have leaded BGA or SMD packages. Rework on any products that feature these leaded modules requires the use of a BGA or SMD rework station. These stations are costly, and the process can be time consuming when these components need to be extracted from the PCB for test, debug, or repair. In such cases, the main PCB could easily be damaged. And, reworking the leaded module back onto the PCB could be challenging. (For instance, a BGA X-ray machine may be needed to verify whether the pins have connected properly to the PCB.) Working with a module that has the appropriate signals brought out on a connector can be a major time and aggravation savings for a designer.

When a module is equipped with standard connectors offering USB or UART interface, the designer essentially has a plug-and-play module to insert into the existing design, without the need to redesign the PCB to integrate BGA or SMT type components. An on-module connector can also help debugging and testing without the need to have special equipment.

5. Crystal
Some modules do not have an on-board crystal while others have an on-board crystal but the module is not fully tested and certified. In either of these scenarios, some special design considerations apply.

Crystals vary, and each crystal has an optimal bias level that minimizes the phase noise on the oscillator, so, when using a crystal, its bias level must be individually configured. In the case of certified modules with an on-board crystal, the individual bias levels are pre-stored on each module in order to achieve minimum phase noise.

What about the Stack?
Standard Bluetooth devices are minimally equipped with a host controller interface (HCI) stack, which supports basic Bluetooth host protocols for serial communications, such as synchronizing the hopping frequencies used by communicating Bluetooth products. A module manufacturer can load a profile on top of the stack, such as the serial port profile (SPP) which allows for cable replacement. In addition, end users can develop custom stacks or purchase third-party stacks.

What Do I Need to Test For?
Figure 7 shows a test set up that can be used to test a Bluetooth module for most RF parameters such as receive/transmit signal output, co-channel interference, bit-error rate (BER) performance relative to received signal strength indicator (RSSI), and adjacent channel interference.

Figure 7: General RF test setup for a Bluetooth module.

The device under test (DUT) shown in Figure 7 is the actual Bluetooth module and it is connected to a PC using an interface board, which in this case requires DC supply. The PC is equipped with test set up software.

The major component of this test set up is the Bluetooth Tester, such as the Agilent E1852A/B or Anritsu MT8850aA52A. (Additionally, a spectrum analyzer can be used to examine the spectral contents of the signal on the RF port of the device for measurements of adjacent channel interference, signal spectrum, harmonics, co-channel interference, and noise.)

The Bluetooth signal generator in Figure 7 is used to generate noise in the particular bandwidth and frequency band of interest. The RF combiner/ splitter is used to combine the noise with the RF signal, and also to split the RF signal where it can be routed to the spectrum analyzer and the Bluetooth tester.

Additional test criteria will vary by application. For instance, Table 2 shows the pass/fail parameters used to evaluate a Bluetooth USB printer adapter.

Table 2: Pass/Fail Parameters for a Bluetooth USB Printer Adapter

Some additional tests that can be performed using the test setup in Figure 7 include:

• Frequency versus time and power versus time performance for the module
• Power versus frequency channel number
• Co-channel interference
• Adjacent channel interference
• Spectral contents of the signal
• Harmonics contents

If using a module without an antenna, additional work is needed to determine the matching circuitry. Also, more extensive measurements will be required when the antenna is on board (see Antenna Matching, above), and it may even require the help of the antenna manufacturer if the proper equipment is not available at the design site.

Using a pre-certified fully-integrated module eliminates the need to test for RF conformance testing or data transmission rates, since the product is already certified by the BQB body, CE, and FCC. Bluetooth certification includes RF conformance testing and interoperability testing. So, for the most part, all the designer needs to do is ensure appropriate signal levels are provided to the module and that the correct application or stack is loaded onto the final product.

For instance, using the USB adapter example in Table 2, the designer simply needs to ensure that the proper USB signals are connected to the USB lines of the module. The power, ground, and appropriate signal levels as defined by the module specifications should be applied when integrating the module.

What about Bluetooth Qualification?
Bluetooth qualification allows OEMs to have a product listing on the Bluetooth web site and gives them the ability to use the Bluetooth brand on the product. Qualification helps different manufacturers ensure that their products will operate with other Bluetooth products, and that their products comply with the Bluetooth specification. The qualification process is divided into four parts: radio link requirements, protocol requirements, profile requirements, and information requirements.

The entire qualification program is overseen and administered by the Bluetooth Qualification Review Board (BQRB). Qualification is based on conformance testing (defined by the Bluetooth Qualification Program [BQP]) against a reference test system and functional interoperability tests with another operational Bluetooth product. Testing is performed by a Bluetooth Qualification Test Facility (BQTF) which has been accredited by the SIG's BQRB.

In addition to this testing, manufacturers seeking qualification must submit compliance declarations, which will be reviewed by a Bluetooth Qualification Body (BQB). In addition, Bluetooth products also need to obtain approvals beyond those issued by the BQB, such as FCC and CE.

If designers select a pre-certified module complete with antenna, no re-certification is required. If they select a module that requires additional components, including connectors and antennas, then the design must be re-certified. This process can add several weeks onto the design cycle. The cost of certification for a new design varies greatly and is dependent upon which countries will be receiving the product. For instance, costs can exceed $100,000 for worldwide approvals. Although BQTFs have recently implemented significant price reductions, the use of pre-certified modules still offers considerable cost savings.

Designers implementing Bluetooth into new or existing designs need to be clear on what their application requires, and then carefully select the module or chipset for the design. Fortunately, the technology has evolved so that designers can implement Bluetooth functionality with a limited amount of optimization and RF circuitry design. Some of the latest modules also eliminate the need for certification and extensive design work, so designers can provide a reliable and fully-certified design with a faster time to market.

Author's Note: The author would like to thank Hussein Mehdi for helping create this article.

About the Author
James Kraemer is the director of product development and engineering at Smart Modular Technologies. He can be reached at james.kraemer@smartm.com.